Double-acting pneumatic cylinder sizing guide: ISO 15552 and ISO 6432 extend vs. retract force formulas, dynamic load factors, ISO 8778 air consumption, PPV/PPS cushioning, and rodless cylinders.
Pneumatic flow control valve engineering guide: meter-out vs. meter-in cylinder speed controller physics, ISO 1219-1 symbols, ISO 6358 sonic conductance C sizing, and quick exhaust valves.
Pneumatic vs electric actuator TCO: 8%–18% vs. 65%–82% energy efficiency, 5-year payback equations, servo vs pneumatic changeover OEE, and rodless pneumatic cylinder mechanics.
A task comparison of an air cylinder and an electric actuator, using two published articles.
